This paper reviews the authors research since 2018 on Mendels gene assumption. The main conclusion is that Morgans misreading of Mendels gene assumption would lead to the inevitable Copernican-like revolution (geocentrism replaced by heliocentrism) in genetics. The evidence for this judgment comes from written records in Morgans The Theory of the Gene. The result of Mendels experiment proposed the second question of genetics (template question), aim at which he assumed the gene was the element controlling individual specification. This led to dualistic genetics (two elements forming the germplasm). However, the gene located by Morgan was germplasm able to give rise to the individualthe answer to the first question of genetics. It ushered in gene-monistic genetics. The confirmation of the gene as DNA has opened a new era of physical verification of gene intension. The inability of DNA to build 3,5-phosphodiester bonds revealed that the gene has neither the ability to produce individuals nor is it self-replicating;consequently, the basis of gene monistic genetics completely collapsed. Instead, the universal fact that the eggs transcriptase initiates DNA (genome) transcription giving rise to the individual (unless accidents occur) confirms that Mendelian dualistic genetics is scientific genetics.
本研究旨在考察Kulekhani流域土地利用与土地覆盖(LULC)动态变化及土壤侵蚀情况,并对2000年至2020年不同LULC类别进行分析。研究结果显示,Kulekhani流域森林土地比例从2000年的60.72%上升至2010年的62.43%,2020年达到64.75%。水域面积有小幅增加,2000年占比为1.07%,2020年增加到1.08%。相应地,荒地面积从0.21%增至0.35%。相反,农业用地比例逐渐减少,2000年为38%,2010年为36.24%,2020年降至33.82%。使用改进的Morgan-Morgan-Finney模型估算土壤流失量显示,2000年到2010年期间,加权平均土壤流失量呈下降趋势,而2010年到2020年期间略微增加。计算得出的土壤流失值分别为2000年8.64 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)、2010年7.12 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)和2020年7.30 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)。土壤侵蚀易感性图表明,2000年到2020年期间,非常低风险的土壤侵蚀区域有所增加,主要集中在森林地区,而农业区域则显示出低到中度的易感性。此外,荒地区域显示出中高度的土壤侵蚀易感性。为解决这些问题,建议未来的努力应包括在荒地地区进行造林计划,在农业区域实施保护耕作方式,并采取适当的道路稳定措施。
Objective:To explore the therapeutic effects of the novel wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus(Pers.)Morgan(A.hygrometricus)on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.Methods:Extensive screening of the antiproliferative and chemopreventive potential of different extracts from 5 wild mushrooms,A.hygrometricus,Phallus sp.,Lentinus sp.,Tricholoma sp.,and Serpula sp.was performed against a panel of 6 cancer cell lines and normal cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Apoptosis determination,cell cycle profiling,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and reactive nitrogen species(RNS),and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry.The activity of caspases was measured colorimetrically,and the expression pattern of mitochondrial proteins was analyzed.Results:The methanol extract of A.hygrometricus and MOLT-4 cells were identified as the most potent extract exhibiting antiproliferative activity and most sensitive cell line,respectively.The mushroom extract induced robust selective apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells and arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 stage.The extract disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced ROS production in MOLT-4 cells.The methanol extract induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of Bcl-2,increasing the expression of Bax,and activating the caspase cascade.Conclusion:The novel wild edible mushroom is a potential repository of biomolecules for the development of antileukemic drugs.
Amrita PalRibhu RayAnirban ChouniSubhadip HajraSantanu Paul
From the first position as staff manager in technical committee operations to the presidency of the organization,Kathie Morgan has spent four decades at the ASTM International.It must be hard for her to say goodbye.
