GMP即为《药品生产质量管理规范》(Good Manufacturing Practice of Medical Products),是药品生产和质量管理的基本准则。传统《药品生产GMP实务》课程教学中存在教学内容与企业人才需求脱节、教学方法导致学生学习兴趣不高、单一评价模式无法体现学生岗位能力水平等问题。《药品生产GMP实务》课程以质控岗位职业能力培养为实施导向,以基于工作过程的项目化教学、药物制剂生产1+X证书培训和三大结构化项目互融合为实施载体,以线上教学和线下教学相互联动、思政教育与专业教学有机结合为实施手段,推行“三对接、十路径、三全赋能”模式,创设“探查引测编验评改结拓”十步路径教学法,着眼于学生的持续进步和终身成长,实施全员全程全方位精技赋能,实现“立德树人”目标。
Nucleotide second messengers are highly versatile signaling molecules that regulate a variety of key biological processes in bacteria.The best-studied examples are cyclic AMP(cAMP)and bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate(c-di-GMP),which both act as global regulators.Global regulatory frameworks of c-di-GMP and cAMP in bacteria show several parallels but also significant variances.In this review,we llustrate the global regulatory models of the two nucleotide second messengers,compare the different regulatory frameworks between c-di-GMP and cAMP,and discuss the mechanisms and physiological significance of cross-regulation between c-di-GMP and cAMP.c-di-GMP responds to numerous signals de-pendent on a great number of metabolic enzymes,and it regulates various signal transduction pathways through its huge number of effectors with varying activities.In contrast,due to the limited quantity,the cAMP metabolic enzymes and its major effector are regulated at different levels by diverse signals.cAMP performs its global regulatory function primarily by controlling the transcription of a large number of genes via cAMP receptor protein(CRP)in most bacteria.This review can help us understand how bacteria use the two typical nucleotide second messengers to effectively coordinate and integrate various physiological processes,providing theoretical guidelines for future research.
Cong LiuRui ShiMarcus S.JensenJingrong ZhuJiawen LiuXiaobo LiuDi SunWeijie Liu
