In this paper, we develop an efficient approach to compute the equivariant normal form of delay differential equations with parameters in the presence of symmetry. We present and justify a process that involves center manifold reduction and normalization preserving the symmetry, and that yields normal forms explicitly in terms of the coefficients of the original system. We observe that the form of the reduced vector field relies only on the information of the linearized system at the critical point and on the inherent symmetry, and the normal forms give critical information about not only the existence but also the stability and direction of bifurcated spatiotemporal patterns. We illustrate our general results by some applications to fold bifurcation, equivariant Hopf bifurcation and Hopf-Hopf interaction, with a detailed case study of additive neurons with delayed feedback.
This note investigates the existence of periodic solutions for semi-ratio-dependent predator-prey models with functional response. New sharp criteria without any other nontrivial assumptions are presented by the invariance property of homotopy and analysis technique, which improve and extend many previous work. Some interesting numerical examples are given to illustrate our results.
LIU Xiu-xiang School of Mathematical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China
