Using Parikh’s tunneling method,the Hawking radiation on the apparent horizon of a Vaidya-Bonner black hole is calculated.When the back-reaction of particles is neglected,the thermal spectrum can be precisely obtained.Then,the black hole thermodynamics can be calculated successfully on the apparent horizon.When a relativistic perturbation is applied to the apparent horizon,a similar calculation can also lead to a purely thermal spectrum.The first law of thermodynamics can also be derived successfully at the new supersurface near the apparent horizon.When the event horizon is thought of as a deviation from the apparent horizon,the expressions of the characteristic position and temperature are consistent with the previous viewpoint which asserts that the thermodynamics should be based on the event horizon.It is concluded that the thermodynamics should be constructed exactly on the apparent horizon while the event horizon thermodynamics is just one of the perturbations near the apparent horizon.
Taking a black hole as a black body system, using general black body radiation theory, a Schwarzschild black hole and a Kerr-Newman black hole are investigated respectively. It is concluded that a black hole can be regarded as an ideal general black body system exactly for the changing process only. However, a stationary global black hole cannot be smoothly regarded as a general black body system. A black hole has some special characteristics which different from a general thermodynamics system. This conclusion means that a black hole should be inherently dynamical, at least when it is taken as a black body system.
Hawking radiation can be viewed as a process of quantum tunneling near the black hole horizon. When a particle with angular momentum L≠ω a tunnels across the event horizon of Kerr or Kerr-Newman black hole, the angular momentum per unit mass a should be changed. The emission rate of the massless particles under this general case is calculated, and the result is consistent with an underlying unitary theory.
