Background:Anopheles sinensis(Diptera:Culicidae)is a primary vector of Plasmodium vivax and Brugia malayi in most regions of China.In addition,its phylogenetic relationship with the cryptic species of the Hyrcanus Group is complex and remains unresolved.Mitochondrial genome sequences are widely used as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies of mosquito species complexes,of which mitochondrial genome data of An.sinensis is not available.Methods:An.sinensis samples was collected from Shandong,China,and identified by molecular marker.Genomic DNA was extracted,followed by the Illumina sequencing.Two complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled and annotated using the mitochondrial genome of An.gambiae as reference.The mitochondrial genomes sequences of the 28 known Anopheles species were aligned and reconstructed phylogenetic tree by Maximum Likelihood(ML)method.Findings:The length of complete mitochondrial genomes of An.sinensis was 15,076 bp and 15,138 bp,consisting of 13 protein-coding genes,22 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes,2 ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes,and an AT-rich control region.As in other insects,most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the J strand,except for ND5,ND4,ND4L,ND1,two rRNA and eight tRNA genes,which are encoded on the N strand.The bootstrap value was set as 1000 in ML analyses.The topologies restored phylogenetic affinity within subfamily Anophelinae.The ML tree showed four major clades,corresponding to the subgenera Cellia,Anopheles,Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia of the genus Anopheles.Conclusions:The complete mitochondrial genomes of An.sinensis were obtained.The number,order and transcription direction of An.sinensis mitochondrial genes were the same as in other species of family Culicidae.
Background:Arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes albopictus such as dengue fever is an important threat to human health.Pyrethroid resistance raises a great challenge for mosquito control.A systematic assessment of Ae.albopictus resistance status in China is urgently needed,and the study of correlation between pyrethroid resistance and knockdown resistance(kdr)mutations would provide information to guide the control of the Ae.albopictus vector.Methods:Five field populations of Ae.albopictus were collected from Jinan(JN),Hangzhou(HZ),Baoshan(BS),Yangpu(YP)and Haikou(HK),China in 2017.Insecticide-impregnated papers were prepared with four pyrethroid chemicals,deltamethrin,permethrin,beta-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin.The susceptibility of Ae.albopictus to pyrethroids was tested by the WHO tube assay.Kdr mutations were identified by PCR and sequencing.Moreover,the correlation analysis between kdr alleles and pyrethroid resistance was performed.Results:All five populations of Ae.albopictus showed resistance to four pyrethroid insecticides.One kdr mutant allele at codon 1532 and three at 1534 were detected with frequency of 5.33%(I1532T),44.20%(F1534S),1.83%(F1534 L)and 0.87%(F1534C),respectively.Both 1532 and 1534 mutation mosquitoes were found in the BS and YP populations.Allele I1532T was negatively correlated with deltamethrin resistance phenotype(OR<1),while F1534S mutation was positively correlated with deltamethrin and permethrin resistance(OR>1).Conclusions:The five field populations of Ae.albopictus adults were all resistant to deltamethrin,permethrin,betacypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin.Mutant F1534S was clearly associated with pyrethroid resistance phenotype in Ae.albopictus and this could be developed as a molecular marker to monitor the pyrethroid resistance problem in China.
Jing-Peng GaoHan-Ming ChenHua ShiHeng PengYa-Jun Ma
