With rapid spread of HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) on a global scale and increasingly severe drug-resistance of it,it is urgently necessary to develop novel effective anti-HIV drugs.Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NNRTIs)is one of the most significant antiretroviral drugs for fighting against HIV infection due to their various structures,unique mode of action,good efficacy and low toxicity.Pyridinone derivatives,a type of NNRTIs,have been reported to achieve remarkable development in the past few decades.In this review,we summarized current drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of next-generation pyridinones as HIV-1 NNRTIs.
We have synthesized the novel compounds 1a-1i,which are a series of hybrid analogues to 6-benzyl-1-（benzyloxymethyl）- 5-iodouracil,a compound showing strong activity against HIV-1.We also evaluated the activity of these compounds as the inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase（HIV-1 RT）,and they have demonstrated moderate activity.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester （CAPE）, the main biologically active component of propolis, has been successfully synthesized from caffeic acid and β-bromoethylbenzene catalyzed by Na2CO3 in a mixed solvent of HMPA-CH3CN. To better understand the struc^re-activity relationship of CAPE, phenylethyl-monobenzoylcinnamate and phenylethyl-dibenzoylcinnamate were prepared. Meanwhile, the structure of phenylethyl-monobenzoylcinnamate was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffiaction.
trans-3-Isopropyl-4-（2-methylcyclohexyloxy）-6-phenethylpyridin-2（1H）-one, as reverse transcriptase （NNRTIs）, exhibited significant potent activity not only against wild-type HIV-1 strains but also on mutant strains. For furthering study this compound, the original synthetic route should be shorten to improve the total yield. In this report, we designed an efficient synthetic strategy to obtain the target compound with higher yield.
Among the structurally diverse NNRTIs, pyridinone scaffolds demonstrate high potency against HIV-1 wild type and drug-resistant strains. During the optimization of our pyridinone compound 1（LAM-trans）, we found that the introduction of the N atoms in the C-4 position could dramatically improve the water solubility（7b）, whereas protonation of the piperidine N atom resulted in a decrease in its hydrophobic interaction with the binding pocket. In particular, protonation altered the orientation of the alicyclic rings in the hydrophobic pocket, thus impeding the formation of key halogen bond and eventually leading to a huge change in anti-HIV-1 RT activity. These results provided theoretical and experimental basis for the subsequent structural modification of pyridinone compounds.
Yunqi LiuXixi LiXiaodong DouChao TianZhili ZhangJunyi LiuXiaowei Wang
N-1-alkyl-5-halogeno-6-alkylamino uracils,which are novel 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy) methyl]-6-(phenylthio) thymine (HEPT) analogues,were synthesized as the selective and potent non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.Some of the compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.For instance,compounds 1d,1m and 1n exhibited potent anti-HTV-1 activity with the IC_(50) values of 13.3,11.7 and 3.15μM,respectively, which are comparable to that of nevirapine(IC_(50) 8.38μM).
N-l-alkyl-5-halogeno-6-alkylamino uracils, which are novel l-[（2-hydroxyethoxy） methyl]-6-（phenylthio） thymine （HEPT） analogues, were synthesized as the selective and potent non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）-I reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Some of the compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. For instance, compounds ld, lm and In exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity with the ICso values of 13.3, 11.7 and 3.15 μM, respectively, which are comparable to that of nevirapine （IC50 8.38 μM）.
Han YanXiao-Wei WangYing GuoZhi-Li ZhangJun-Yi Liu
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase（RT） inhibitors are major components of HAART（highly active antiviral therapy）. The S-DABOs（dihydro-alkylthio-benzyl-oxopyrimidines） series and their similar skeletons have exhibited preferable activities to inhibit HIV-1 RT. In the present study, we generated field-based QSAR models using common structure alignment, which was characterized by Gaussian steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor and aromatic ring fields（R2 = 0.8421, RCV2 = 0.5949 for the training set, Q2 = 0.5486, Pearson-r = 0.7460 for the test set）. Docking, pocket surface and contour map analyses were carried out. Key pharmacophore features were investigated, including（i） π-π interaction with residue Tyr181, Tyr188 and Trp229, σ-π interaction with His236,（ii） hydrogen bond with residue Lys101 and halogen bond with residue Tyr188. The docking analysis and field-based QSAR models could provide reasonable guidance in the rational design of potent HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
