Silver nanowire(AgNW) networks have been demonstrated to exhibit superior transparent and conductive performance over that of indium-doped tin oxide(ITO) and have been proposed to replace ITO, which is currently widely used in optoelectronic devices despite the scarcity of indium on Earth. In this paper, the current spreading and enhanced transmittance induced by AgNWs, which are two important factors influencing the light output power, were analyzed. The enhanced transmittance was studied by finite-difference time-domain simulation and verified by cathodoluminescence measurements.The enhancement ratio of the light output power decreased as the Ga P layer thickness increased, with enhancement ratio values of 79%, 52%, and 15% for Ga P layer thicknesses of 0.5 μm, 1 μm, and 8 μm, respectively, when an AgNW network was included in Al Ga In P light-emitting diodes. This was because of the decreased current distribution tunability of the AgNW network with the increase of the Ga P layer thickness. The large enhancement of the light output power was caused by the AgNWs increasing carrier spread out of the electrode and the enhanced transmittance induced by the plasmonic AgNWs. Further decreasing the sheet resistance of AgNW networks could raise their light output power enhancement ratio.
Two-dimensional apodized grating couplers are proposed with grating grooves realized by a series of nanorectangles, with the feasibility of digital tailoring the equivalent refractive index of each groove in order to obtain the Gaussian output diffractive mode in order to enhance the coupling efficiency to the optical fiber. According to the requirement of leakage factor distribution for a Gaussian output profile, the corresponding effective refractive index of the grating groove, duty cycle, and period are designed according to the equivalent medium theory. The peak coupling efficiency of 93.1% at 1550 nm and 3 d B bandwidth of 82 nm are achieved.
A two-dimensional apodized grating coupler for interfacing between single-mode fiber and photonic circuit is demonstrated in order to bridge the mode gap between the grating coupler and optical fiber. The grating grooves of the grating couplers are realized by columns of fully etched nanostructures, which are utilized to digitally tailor the effective refractive index of each groove in order to obtain the Gaussian-like output diffractive mode and then enhance the coupling efficiency.Compared with that of the uniform grating coupler, the coupling efficiency of the apodized grating coupler is increased by 4.3% and 5.7%, respectively, for the nanoholes and nanorectangles as refractive index tunes layer.
The electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide(ITO)/epoxy composite exhibit dramatic variations as functions of the ITO composition and ITO particle size. Sharp increases in the conductivity in the vicinity of a critical volume fraction have been found within the framework of percolation theory. A conductive and insulating transition model is extracted by the ITO particle network in the SEM image, and verified by the resistivity dependence on the temperature.The dependence of the optical transmittance on the particle size was studied. Further decreasing the ITO particle size could further improve the percolation threshold and light transparency of the composite film.
The maximum power conversion efficiencies of the top-emitting,oxide-confined,two-dimensional integrated 2×2 and4×4 vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser(VCSEL) arrays with the oxide-apertures of 6 μm,16 μm,19 μm,26 μm,29 μm,36 μm,39 μm,and 46 urn are fabricated and characterized,respectively.The maximum power conversion efficiencies increase rapidly with the augment of oxide-aperture at the beginning and then decrease slowly.A maximum value of27.91%at an oxide-aperture of 18.6 μm is achieved by simulation.The experimental data are well consistent with the simulation results,which are analyzed by utilizing an empirical model.
The multiple color-matching schemes that could improve the color rendering index for phosphor-free white LEDs are discussed.Then we review a few of the recent research directions for phosphor-free white LEDs,which include the development of monolithic GaN-based white LEDs and hybrid integrated GaN-based and Al Ga In P-based white LEDs.These development paths will pave the way toward commercial application of phosphor-free white LEDs in the coming years.
To overcome the beam squint in wide instantaneous frequency, we review a number of system-level optical controlled phase array antennas for beam forming. The optical delay net work based on a fiber device in terms of topological structure of an Mbit optical switch, fiber grating, high-dispersion fiber, and vector-sum technology is discussed, respectively. Lastly, an integrated circuit is simply summarized.
In order to choose the proper radius of oxide aperture for few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs), the influences of oxide aperture size on the multi-transverse-mode behaviors are investigated in detail. By establishing the effective refractive index model to simulate VCSELs with different radii of oxide apertures, the wavelength and corresponding order of different modes are obtained. VCSELs with three kinds of oxide apertures are manufactured. Then the multi-transverse-mode spectra and near-field are measured. It is found that when the radius is between 1.5 and 4.5μm, few-mode VCSELs can be implemented. The 2.5μm VCSEL manufactured in this paper only emits LP01 mode and LP21 mode. Since the space distance between the two modes is 2μm, it is expected to realize direct-modulation few-mode VCSELs by channel etching or ion implantation between the two modes.
垂直腔面发射激光器因其具有低阈值、低功耗、可实现高速调制等优势,广泛地应用于光通信和光互连等领域。寄生电容是影响激光器的调制带宽的主要因素之一。本文通过采用低k值的苯并环丁烯(BCB)平整技术有效地降低了垂直腔面发射激光器的寄生电容。详细研究了BCB平整技术的最优工艺参数,为未来高速垂直腔面发射激光器的制造技术提供参考。低k值BCB平整垂直腔面发射激光器在7μm氧化孔径下3 d B小信号调制带宽可达15.2 GHz。
