The North China Plain （NCP）, one of the most important agricultural regions in China, is facing a major water-resource crisis evoked by excessive exploitation of groundwater. To reduce water use while maintaining high crop production level, improving variety water use efficiency （WUE） is an urgent need, especially because other water-saving measures such as water delivery, irrigation, and agricultural practices have already achieved most possible progresses. Evaluation of variety WUE can be performed accurately at the individual plant level （WUEp）. Reviewing the studies on physiological factors affecting WUE p performed up to date, stomatal conductance was considered to be an important trait associating closely with WUE p . The trait showed a large degree of varietal variability under well-watered conditions. Crop varieties differ highly in sensitivity of stomata to soil and air drying, with some varieties strongly reducing their stomatal conductance in contrast with those lightly regulating their stomata. As a result, difference among varieties in WUE p was enlarged under water deficit conditions in contrast with those under well-watered conditions. The relationship between stomatal conductance and yield depends on water availability of whole growing period in local areas. Usually, large stomatal conductance results in a high yield under good irrigation system, whereas a low stomatal conductance can lead to yield benefit under limited stored soil moisture conditions. In the NCP, winter wheat is the largest consumer of irrigation water, improvement strategies for high WUE aiming at wheat crops are in urgent need. We suggest, for the well-irrigated areas with excessive exploitation of groundwater, the wheat breeding program need to combine medium stomatal conductance （0.35 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 or so）, high carboxylation efficiency, and high harvest index. Areas with partial/full access to irrigation, or infrequent drought, should target wheat varieties with high stomatal conductance under no water stre
应用SWAT模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),以区域气候复杂的云南省洱海流域为例,研究不同子流域划分数量对径流和泥沙负荷模拟结果的影响,以明确洱海流域合理的子流域划分方案。结果表明,随着子流域划分数量的增加,年均径流深增加但敏感性较小,相对偏差仅0.89%;年均泥沙负荷减少而敏感性较大,相对偏差达21.21%。经综合权衡年均径流和泥沙负荷对子流域划分响应的敏感性,提出洱海流域合理的子流域划分临界值为137个,相应子流域平均面积占流域总面积的0.73%。在大于该临界值的划分水平下,模拟的年均径流深和泥沙负荷趋于稳定,但对进一步提高模拟精度无明显效果。研究结果对其它地形地貌复杂的流域水文模拟和非点源污染模拟具有重要借鉴意义。
