The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 m.Research on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of gibbons.We used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December 2009.Although cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor behavior.Cao vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest canopy.Adult females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger supports.This research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.
China supports the richest non-human primate diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an excellent opportunity for Chinese primatologists to take a leading role in advancing the study of primatology.Primatology in China began to flourish after 1979. To date, Chinese primatologists have published more than 1 000 papers in journals indexed by the Chinese Science Citation Database and the Web of Science Core Collection, and universities and academic institutions have trained 107 PhD students and 370 Masters students between 1984 and 2016. In total,the National Science Foundation of China has funded129 primate projects(RMB 71.7 million) supporting 59 researchers from 28 organizations. However, previous research has also shown obvious species bias.Rhinopithecus roxellana, Rhinopithecus bieti, and Macaca mulatta have received much greater research attention than other species. Researchers have also tended to continue to study the same species(55.2%)they studied during their Ph D training. To promote the development of primatology in China, we suggest(1)the need for a comprehensive primatology textbook written in Chinese,(2) continued training of more Ph D students, and(3) encouragement to study less well-known primate species.
Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution(around N25°). Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance.How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservation of these special populations/species. According to preliminary short-term studies, northern gibbons consume more leaves and use larger home ranges than tropical gibbons. Interestingly, some Nomascus groups consist of more than one adult female. However,these preliminary results are not well understood or incorporated into current socio-ecological theories regarding gibbon species. To better understand northern gibbons, our team has systematically studied three habituated groups of Nomascus concolor, three groups of N. nasutus, and two habituated groups of Hoolock tianxing since 2002. In this paper,we stress the challenges facing gibbons living in northern habitats and summarize their behavioral adaptations to their harsh environments. We also describe the northern gibbon social system and discuss the potential relationships between their ecology and sociality. Finally, we highlight future research questions related to northern gibbons in China.
Zhen-Hua GuanChang-Yong MaHan-Lan FeiBei HuangWen-He NingQing-Yong NiXue-Long JiangPeng-Fei Fan
