A large proportion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications are internally publish/subscribe in nature,and traditional architecture cannot support them efficiently and flexibly.In essence,supporting efficient publish/subscribe systems requires data-oriented naming and efficient multicast.Since deployment of native IP-based multicast has failed,overlay-based multicast has become the practical choice.Since load balancing between heterogeneous nodes is an important issue,designing an optimal load balancing overlay network for publish/subscribe systems is a necessary endeavor.This study focuses on the optimal load balancing overlay design problem for topic-based publish/subscribe systems in a heterogeneous environment (in terms of node processing power,bandwidth,and reachability).The Minimum Idle Degree (MID) model is introduced to capture the heterogeneity of overlay nodes.Based on the MID model,new node load measures are defined that can accommodate heterogeneous server capacities and capture the node load in publish/subscribe systems more accurately than traditional measures.A new optimization problem,Maximum Minimum Idle Degree Topic-Connected Overlay (MMID-TCO),is established.This problem is NP-complete and a constant approximation algorithm does not exist for this problem (unless P=NP).Based on MID metrics,the Maximum Minimum Idle Degree Overlay Design Algorithm (MMID-ODA),which has polynomial time,is introduced.To improve performance,an approach that breaks down the problem into several small-scale problems by exploiting the potential inherent disjoint characteristic in the subscription table is presented.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve better load balance than Min-Max-ODA in a heterogeneous environment.
