Tidal rivers are intrinsically complex because tidal propagation is influenced by river discharge. This study aims to examine the seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy variance in the tidal river of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary in China. In order to quantify the behaviour of river and tide,we use numerical modelling that has been validated using measured data. We conduct our analysis by quantifying the discharge and energy variance in separate components for both the river and the tide,during wet and dry seasons. We note various definitions of tidal prism and explore the difference between tidal discharge on the flood and ebb and tidal storage volume. The results show that the river discharge attenuates the tidal motion and reduces the tidal flood discharge but the tidal storage volume is approximately constant with different riverine discharge since part of the fresh water discharge is intercepted and captured in the estuary due to the backwater effect. It appears that the tidal discharge adjusts according to the variation of river discharge to keep a constant tidal storage volume. An analysis of the hydraulics shows that the transition from tidal dominance(at the mouth) to river dominance(upstream) depends on the location of tidal current reversal which varies from wet season to dry season. Duringthe wet season,the Changjiang River estuary is totally dominated by energy from fresh water discharge.
Atmospherically-delivered ~7Be,^(210)Po and ^(210)Pb in bulk precipitation and air samples collected around the globe have provided valuable quantification on the rates of removal, as well as proportional mixing of attendant air masses;however, such studies during thunderstorm and typhoon events are limited. We report the first continuous time-series rainwater sampling and analysis of ~7Be,^(210)Pb and ^(210)Po from two typhoons and one thunderstorm during 2015 summer in Shanghai. The depositional fluxes within individual rain events of typhoons and thunderstorms varied by a factor of 10 for ~7Be, 5.7 for ^(210)Pb, 7.4 for ^(210)Po,and 7.0 for ~7Be/^(210)Pb activity ratios(AR). Such large observed variations in the depositional fluxes of ~7Be,^(210)Pb,^(210)Po and ~7Be/^(210)Pb activity ratios were attributed to air masses injected from surrounding high pressure system adjoining the typhoon to low pressure system within the typhoon. Based on ~7Be/^(210)Pb activity ratios, we estimated the variations in the fraction of maritime and continental air masses into the typhoon. Observed constancy in the ^(210)Po/^(210)Pb AR indicates that the residence times of air masses contributing to the typhoon during heavy rain are similar. From a synthesis of global fallout of ~7Be and ^(210)Pb during pulse events(precipitation≥50 mm from single rainout event), we quantify the importance of pulse events in the atmospheric fallout of these radionuclides.
The objective of this study is to analyze soil physical and chemical properties,soil comprehensive functions and impact factors after different years of reclamation.Based on the survey data taken from 216 soil sampling points in the Fengxian Reclamation Area of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary,China in April 2009 and remotely sensed TM data in 2006,while by virtue of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA),geo-statistical analysis (GA),prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),it was concluded that:1) With the in-crease in reclamation time,soil moisture,soil salinity,soil electric conductivity and soil particle size tended to decline,yet soil organic matter tended to increase.Soil available phosphorous tended to increase in the early reclamation period,yet it tended to decline after about 49 years of reclamation.Soil nitrate nitrogen,soil ammonia nitrogen and pH changed slightly in different reclamation years.Soil physical and chemical properties reached a steady state after about 30 years of reclamation.2) According to the results of PCA analysis,the weighted value (0.97 in total) that represents soil nutrient factors (soil nitrate nitrogen,soil organic matter,soil available phosphorous,soil ammonia nitrogen,pH and soil particle size) were higher than the weighted value (0.48 in total) of soil limiting factors (soil salinity,soil elec-tric conductivity and soil moisture).The higher the F value is,the better the soil quality is.3) Different land use types play different roles in the soil function maturity process,with farmlands providing the best contribution.4) Soil physi-cal and chemical properties in the reclamation area were mainly influenced by reclamation time,and then by land use types.The correlation (0.1905) of the composite index of soil function (F) with reclamation time was greater than that with land use types (-0.1161).
SUN YongguangLI Xiuzhenülo MANDERHE YanlongJIA YueMA ZhigangGUO WenyongXIN Zaijun
Diatom data of 192 surface sediment samples from the marginal seas in the western Pacific together with modern summer and winter sea surface temperature and salinity data were analyzed.The results of canonical correspondence analysis show that summer sea-surface salinity(SSS) is highly positively correlated with winter SSS and so is summer sea-surface temperature(SST) with winter SST.The correlations between SSSs and SSTs are less positively correlated,which may be due to interactions of regional current pattern and monsoon climate.The correlations between diatom species,sample sites and environmental variables concur with known diatom ecology and regional oceanographic characters.The results of forward selection of the environmental variables and associated Monte Carlo permutation tests of the statistical significance of each variable suggest that summer SSS and winter SST are the main environmental factors affecting the diatom distribution in the area and therefore preserved diatom data from down core could be used for reconstructions of summer SSS and winter SST in the region.
