Clay mineralogy and bulk mineral composition of Tertiary sediments in Qaidam were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy in order to better understand regional climate change resulting from uplift of the Northeast Tibetan Plateau. Climate change in Qaidam since -53.5 Ma could be divided into four stages: a warm and seasonally arid climate between -53.5 and 40 Ma, a cold and arid climate from -40 to 26 Ma, a warm and humid climate between -26 and 13.5 Ma, and a much colder and arid climate from -13.5 to 2.5 Ma, respectively. The illite crystallinity and sedimentary facies suggested that uplift events took place around >52-50, -40-38, -26-15, -10-8, and <5 Ma inthe Qaidam region, respectively. The climate in Qaidam Basin could have been controlled by global climate prior to 13.5 Ma. As the Tibetan Plateau reached a significant elevation by -13.5 Ma, and the climate cycles of the East Asian monsoon might add additional influence.
Crystallinity,polytype,and morphology of clay minerals in the Luochuan loess-palaeosols in Shaanxi Province,northwest China were studied in order to have an insight into their origin using X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)methods.The SEM observations showed that the morphology of some illites seems to be lath-shaped crystals.An analysis of illite crystallinity(IC)on the Luochuan section indicated that the origin of illite was related to the rocks of an anchizone.Most illite in the Luochuan loess-palaeosol section were of 2M1 polytype,but some were of 1M polytype formed by weathering of feldspar in the process of pedogenesis.Illite in the Luochuan section has undergone both physical and chemical weathering.These results revealed that most illite were of detrital origin related to the source area of an anchizone,but parts of the illite were of an authigenic origin formed during pedogenesis after sedimentation.Chlorites in the samples of the Luochuan section were mainly composed of irregular flaky grains and their crystallinity was good.These showed that chlorite had the detrital origin formed by physical weathering.Kaolinite crystallinity was relatively good.The value of CIA on the Luochuan section ranges from 61.9 to 69,and therefore kaolinite could not be formed during weathering and pedogenesis.These results indicated that the kaolinite had a detrital origin.Morphology of smectite seems to be capillaceous.The XRD patterns of all samples contained diffraction peaks at 1.5218Å(nontronite)and 1.5052Å(montmorillonite),thus indicating an intermediate composition between trioctahedral and dioctahedral smectite.The smectite crystallinity was very poor.These results revealed that smectite in the study area was authigenic rather than detrital origin.
This study collected the early Oligocene to middle Miocene sediments from the Gerze Basin of Tibet, and used X-Ray diffraction(XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) to discuss their clay mineralolgy, clay indices, better understand the clay mineralogy and its paleoclimatic significance. The results show that clay minerals of the Gerze Basin sediments are mainly composed of illite and chlorite, with minor amounts of smectite and kaolinite, and their relative content varies along the section. Variations of relative contents and clay indices suggest that the Gerze Basin has experienced three-stage evolution of paleoclimate: Ⅰ) high illite and chlorite contents, with fluctuant smectite and low(I+Ch)/(K+S) ratio, indicative of a dominant seasonal arid climate from the early Oligocene to late Oligocene; Ⅱ) higher illite and chlorite contents and larger(I+Ch)/(K+S) ratio but absence of kaolinite, indicating a colder and drier climate from the late Oligocene to early Miocene; Ⅲ) high illite and chlorite contents with fluctuant(I+Ch)/(K+S) ratios and occasional occurrence of kaolinite, suggesting that the climate became warmer and more humid compared with that of stage Ⅱin the mid-Miocene. These conclusions were also reinforced by the clay morphology, which suggests that physical weathering dominated in stage Ⅱ, while relatively strong chemical weathering was dominant in stages Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Clay minerals of the sediments mainly consist of illite and chlorite, indicating that the source rock played a significant role in clay origin. It is inferred that global cooling and the enhancement of denudation and obstruction of northward moisture due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were responsible for the provenance of illite and chlorite under weak chemical weathering. Though the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau reached a certain elevation by the mid-Miocene, yet the mid-Miocene widespread warming might have largely impacted the Gerze climate.
SONG EpingZHANG KexinCHEN JiangjunWANG ChaowenJIANG GaoleiYIN KeHONG HanlieCHURCHMAN Jock Gordon
