Chaos game representation （CGR） is proposed as a scale-independent representation for DNA sequences and provides information about the statistical distribution of oligonucleotides in a DNA sequence. CGR images of DNA sequences represent some kinds of fractal patterns, but the common multifractal analysis based on the box counting method cannot deal with CGR images perfectly. Here, the wavelet transform modulus maxima （WTMM） method is applied to the multifractal analysis of CGR images. The results show that the scale-invariance range of CGR edge images can be extended to three orders of magnitude, and complete singularity spectra can be calculated. Spectrum parameters such as the singularity spectrum span are extracted to describe the statistical character of DNA sequences. Compared with the singularity spectrum span, exon sequences with a minimal spectrum span have the most uniform fractal structure. Also, the singularity spectrum parameters are related to oligonueleotide length, sequence component and species, thereby providing a method of studying the length polymorphism of repeat oligonucleotides.
This article explores the mechanisms of acupuncture meridians by determining characteristics of the tissue fluid flow in the connective tissue along meridians. Based on deep dissection of acupoints on the upper and lower limbs of the human body and micro and macro observation and measurement, a mathematical model of the flow of tissue fluid in interosseous membranes is constructed. It is shown that the signal transmission along acupuncture meridians may be determined by unique anatomical and physiological factors that govern the flow of tissue fluid in the connective tissue and involve mast cell degranulation. Our results provide a preliminary explanation of the phenomenon of the ＂de qi＂ sensation and the mechanism of acupuncture signal transmission along acupuncture meridians.
Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adenosine AR in the rostral ventrolateral med...
Mei-Yan JIANG,Cheng-Rong ZHANG,Jin WANG,Lin-Lin SHEN,Yin-Xiang CAO,Da-Nian ZHU Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology,Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,China
