Nowadays,most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen,and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants.However,the outcome of this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen.The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter(DM),crude protein(CP),neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations,including alfalfa haylage,corn silage,corn grain and soybean meal.Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used.The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals(all in-gradually out method;AG) or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once(gradually in-all out method;GA).Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction,lag time and effective rumen degradability(ED) of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method(P<0.05).Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method(0.138 h^(-1) vs.0.073 h^(-1)and 0.002 h^(-1) vs.0.1125 h^(-1),for DM and CP,respectively;P<0.05).Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation(K_d)of DM and CP,the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method(P<0.05).Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method(P<0.05).Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction(U)of NDF in alfalfa(1.8%vs.4.0%,respectively;P<0.05) and corn silage(
Energy intake prepartum is critically important to health,milk performance,and profitability of dairy cows.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake(DMI),lactation performance and energy balance(EB) in multiparous Holstein cows which were housed in a free-stall bam and fed for ad libitum intake.Thirty-nine dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups fed a high energy density diet[HD,n = 13;6.8 MJ of net energy for lactation(NE_L)/kg;14.0%crude protein(CP)],or a middle energy density diet(MD,n = 13;6.2 MJ NE_L/kg;14.0%CP),or a low energy density diet(LD,n = 13;5.4 MJ NE_L/kg;14.0%CP) from d 21 before expected day of calving.After parturition,all cows were fed the same lactation diet to d 70 in milk(DIM).The DMI and NE_L intake prepartum were decreased by the reduced energy density diets(P< 0.05).The LD group consumed 1.3 kg/d(DM) more diet compared with HD group in the last 24 h before calving.The milk yield and the postpartum DMI were increased by the reduced energy density diet prepartum(P< 0.05).The changes in BCS and BW prepartum and postpartum were not affected by prepartum diets.HD group had higher milk fat content and lower lactose content compared with LD group during the first 3 wk of lactation(P< 0.05).The energy consumption for HD,MD and LD groups were 149.8%,126.2%and 101.1%of their calculated energy requirements prepartum(P< 0.05),and 72.7%,73.1%and 75.2%during the first 4 wk postpartum,respectively.In conclusion,the low energy density prepartum diet was effective in controlling NE_L intake prepartum,and was beneficial in increasing DMI and milk yield,and alleviating negative EB postpartum.
Wenming HuangYujia TianYajing WangAminamu SimayiAmingguli YashengZhaohai WuShengli LiZhijun Cao
