Using the 1970-2005 annual precipitation and evaporation data at 80 gauge stations across Hunan province,this work analyzes the spatial distribution and variation tendency of the local droughts and floods using linear regression,wavelet analysis,abrupt change,clusters,Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and rotated EOF (REOF).Results show that there are four dry areas and three wet areas in Hunan.The whole province exhibits a moistening trend except some small areas in western,eastern and southern Hunan.The most prominent feature of annual precipitation is that the whole province basically displays a consistent variation tendency,as far as the dominant EOF mode is concerned.In addition,the spatial features of the other EOF modes include dry-wet differences,e.g.wet (or dry) in the north versus dry (or wet) in the south,wet (or dry) in the center and dry (or wet) in the surrounding areas.The distribution of the ratios of evaporation to precipitation exhibits both common features as well as spatial differences,which can be classified into four types:South Hunan,North Hunan,Northeast Hunan,and Central Hunan.There is an abrupt change from dry to wet patterns in the early 1990s.Generally,the drought-flood distribution presents variations of three periods.In the late 2000s,Hunan province will be in a period of drought,followed by a period of flood.
将稳定同位素效应引入CLM(Community Land Model),并对巴西马瑙斯站在平衡年的稳定水同位素的逐日变化进行模拟和分析.结果表明:降水、水汽和地表径流中1δ8O存在明显的季节变化,并与相应的水量存在显著的负相关关系,但凝结物中δ18O与地面凝结量存在显著的正相关关系,蒸发水汽中1δ8O与蒸发量之间无显著的相关关系.受土壤贮水削峰功能的影响,表层土壤和根区水中1δ8O的季节变化全无.植被层蒸发水汽中稳定同位素的丰度与大气的干湿程度存在密切联系:当降水量少时,大气干燥,植被层的蒸发较少,植被蒸发中1δ8O较高;当降水量较大时,空气湿润,植被层的蒸发量较大,蒸发中1δ8O则较低.植被蒸腾中1δ8O的变化与源区水体中1δ8O的变化保持一致,尤其是与根区水中的1δ8O.由于地下径流直接源自根区水的补充,因此,地下径流中1δ8O等于根区水中的δ18O.模拟结果还显示,降水MWL(大气水线)的梯度项和常数项均比全球平均MWL略偏小.尽管主要来自降水的贡献,但地表径流和植被层水体的MWLs与降水MWL存在较大的差异,这一方面与两类水体在蒸发过程中的稳定同位素的富集作用有关,另一方面与CLM模拟的水量有关.大气水汽线与降水的MWL的梯度值相近,说明大气水汽与降水近似处于稳定同位素平衡状态.另外,模拟的地面的凝结线与植被层的凝结线均与全球大气水线相近,且具有非常高相关程度,说明CLM的模拟是合理的.
